Domestic Abuse May Be More Common When Dating

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New research suggests federal regulations and policies such as the Violence Against Women Act should be extended to include dating relationships.

Investigators from the University of Pennsylvania discovered the majority of intimate partner violence — more than 80 percent of incidents in one study population — involve boyfriends and girlfriends. What’s more, these partnerships result in the most physical violence.

Current policies are directed to keep guns away from abusive partners but they do not apply to dating relationships. The new study, published in the journal Preventive Medicine reveals that they likely should.

“Current boyfriends or girlfriends were more likely than current spouses to injure their victims,” said Dr. Susan B. Sorenson, professor of social policy in the School of Social Policy & Practice.

“They were more likely to push and shove, to grab, to punch. They were more likely to strangle — some pretty awful behaviors toward a partner. They were also more likely to use a knife, a bat, or another kind of weapon. We were not expecting to find this.”

For this research, Sorenson and 2017 graduate Devan Spear aimed to move beyond general victimization surveys to learn not just whether someone has ever experienced intimate partner abuse, but also to identify the abuser.

Was the person a current or former spouse, or a current or former girlfriend or boyfriend?

“Much of the intimate partner violence research has focused on lifetime experience, and that’s a reasonable place to start,” Sorenson said.

“Once we have an overall picture in research, we begin to drill down in order to discern whether there are differences by considerations such as the type of relationship.”

In 2011, Sorenson began collaborating with the Philadelphia Police Department to improve documentation of domestic violence in the city. As a result, an officer who responds to a such a call must fill out a form that includes a narrative description of the event. The officer must also include additional information such as victim-offender relationship and behavior regardless of whether an arrest occurs.

Analyzing 31,206 of these forms from the year 2013, the Penn researchers found that 82.1 percent of intimate partner violence incidents included current or former dating partners (44.3 percent and 37.8 percent, respectively).

Less than 15 percent involved current spouses, and just 3.5 percent involved ex-spouses. Nationally, more than half of intimate violence incidents are reported to police, with 54 percent involving current or former boyfriends or girlfriends.

Sorenson said there’s no single explanation for the Philadelphia-specific results.

For one, married and unmarried couples may experience domestic violence to the same degree, but those in the latter group may be quicker or more likely to call the police. Perhaps someone in a dating relationship who experiences abuse may opt not to marry the abuser.

Or, it might simply be that of the 10 largest cities in the United States, Philadelphia has the highest percentage of never-married adults, at 51.5 percent. By comparison, that figure in Chicago is 49.7 percent, and in Los Angeles, 46.5 percent.

She noted that protections against violent behavior like domestic abuse should expand to include broader definitions, particularly given the changing nature of relationships: From 1970 to 2009, the median age of first marriage for men rose from 22 to 28 years old, and for women increased from 20 to 25. Divorce rates also doubled during the same period for those aged 35 and older.

“People are less likely to marry, they marry later, they’re less likely to have children and when they get married, they’re more likely to get divorced,” Sorenson said. “Relationships today are more transitory and not necessarily traditional.”

The researchers said they recognize the limitations in using data from a single large U.S. city, and in relying on data they cannot independently verify.

However, Sorenson pointed out that relationship status was not the only demographic information collected. Police officers appear to have applied the law equally in terms of race, ethnicity, age, and gender, as well as the circumstances under which they gathered evidence, took statements, checked state registries and provided transportation to medical care.

Sorenson said she thinks the findings could have implications for policymaking and data collection at the national level.

“The federal policy focuses on people who are married, live together or have a child in common. We know that abuse occurs in addition to those kinds of relationships,” she said.

“Unfortunately, the federal policy doesn’t address that, and the policy is from nearly a generation ago by now. It might be time to revisit.”

That could happen soon: The Violence Against Women Act, originally passed in 1994, comes up for reauthorization again in 2018.

Source: University of Pennsylvania

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February 1, 2018 at 08:06AM

Celebrating 21 Years As a Hypnotherapist!

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This week marked the anniversary of me setting up my first hypnotherapy practice, some 21 years ago! My qualifications and professional memberships predate this of course, but I set up my hypnotherapy business 21 years ago.

I am getting plenty of congratulations from people on LinkedIn, most of whom are clicking the automated “congratulations” button without any personalisation at all, which is making me feel pretty special, appreciated and wonderfully connected to those people, I must say. My penchant for sarcasm has not abated in the past 21 years either, that’s for sure.

In the last 21 years, I have worked with a few thousand individuals one-to-one for hypnotherapy, had a couple of bestselling books, sold a few hundred thousand audio products, trained and taught hundreds of people, lectured to thousands and am still here, in this field, and despite some challenges and struggles in the early days, today we are doing OK as far as I’m concerned.

I recall on my 21st Birthday having that conversation with other friends that there was now nothing left in terms of what I was legally permitted to do; you can smoke from 16 in the UK, drink alcohol at 18, and at the time, you could get an HGV license at the age of 21 – there was nothing left, I could now go and do whatever I chose, within the confines of the law. We joked that the previous 21 years had been training, laying foundations for the day we hit 21 and could then do what we wanted.

Upon reflection, I feel like these first 21 years of my business have really only been setting foundations. I’d say that it has only been in recent times that I have felt free within the field I work within – that is, free to dictate my own direction, express myself, follow what I truly believe, I think in those early days I did not know enough, have enough experience or understanding to be the way I am today. My business has a firm set of principals today, it has a vision, and has been built upon an ethos that I feel strongly about. I think I probably could have earned much more money and been much more popular if I had strayed from that ethos, but I am pleased that I have remained true to it, as much as has been possible.

For me, longevity has been key. I had a dream of being where I am today – that is; working for myself, having autonomy over my life, choosing the direction of my business with hypnotherapy and hypnosis being at the heart of what I do, using it to help others in a wide range of ways. That was the dream, in a sense, I am living the dream! (I cracked up writing that!) Whenever I set goals each new year, and commence working on new projects, I remind myself that what I have now was once a dream I had and have a lot of gratitude for this.

This week, I received a couple of messages from people who were around when I was starting out, most of them are not actually working in this field any longer, and we discussed all the people who were prevalent at the time, the different types of communication employed back then, marketing attempts, and it made me realise how much has changed and how few people have true longevity of career in this field. For anyone wanting to work as a hypnotherapist for a lengthy period of time, from nothing more than my own experience, I suggest having the following:

Adaptability: When I was a boy, my Dad was a member of the Round Table organisation, he was always a member of varying types of groups such as this. The phrase “adopt, adapt, improve” is a key facet of the organisation, almost like a motto and can be found on much of the Round Table literature and regalia. it related to the idea of adopting methods that have proved effective in the past, adapting them to the changing times and when it was possible to do so, improve them. This always stuck with me.

When we examine the history of hypnosis, we see such development, such change occurring, some turbulent times, some volatile times and some real golden periods. Likewise, in just the years I have been working in this field, I have seen such a lot of change; not just in terms of the way the field is perceived, the way people develop a career in this field, but also the ways people have navigated a business through recessions, uncertain times and traversed or worked through bad publicity, myth and misconception.

Being able to adapt has been key. Adapt to the climate, adapt to the perceptions and respond accordingly. Seriously, adopt, adapt improve should be something we all have at the heart of our hypnotherapy work with clients and with our businesses.

Hard work: Of course we all want a quality of life that an effective business affords us. However, it is tough to have a truly 4-Hour Workweek (a la Tim Ferris) when we are working with one-to-one clients in our consulting rooms each day. Then are developing our business and refining what we do at other times. SO of course there needs to be some dedication and discipline.

Additionally, hard work, dedication and discipline are not just themes of being productive. They are also about how we “show up” each day. How do we ensure we are fully present with the people we engage with, how do we ensure we recover from what we do and rejuvenate regularly, how do we reflect upon what we do, how do we ensure we do not burn out at the same time?

I recommend working hard on your mood and the way you are in general. You’ll be a good advertisement for what you do that way, but also, people will feel good around you. The people who have made the biggest impression upon me are those who make me feel good when I am around them. As a hypnotherapist and as a professional business person, that is crucial.

Love for the subject: Everything is made easier when you love what you do. Before we had children, I would take academic journals and text books (as well as sci-fi and fantasy novels, of course) with me on holidays with my wife because I loved reading about my subject so much.

I encounter numerous people who love the idea of being a hypnotherapist, but for a number of reasons, the reality of it does not live up to the fantastical dreams they have/had. Often because they’ve not been able to develop a business, or because they are not getting the results they want with clients, or just that the reality of being in a therapy room working with people who are ill, depressed or anxious is not quite as romantic as it once seemed!

For me, the love was kept strong even at the times of struggle, and it saw me through. I have great curiosity, I have a mission that is well unfinished, and it fuels my love. I tap into that often and it helps greatly.

Enthusiasm: The above naturally leads to this one. Being enthusiastic is one thing, but really ensuring people can feel and tune in to your enthusiasm is something which fuels the business and also helps you individually. People say enthusiasm is contagious and yes I believe it is, not just contagious to other people though; but also contagious to your days. If you are enthusiastic one day, there is a good likelihood that it’ll spread into other days too, and that enthusiasm will work it’s way into the way you communicate your business online, in real-life and influence you in numerous ways.

Humility: Being able to accept when I am wrong, have made mistakes or could do things better. That is, I have re-written books, updated course curriculums, developed and adapted in line with feedback, constructive criticism, evidence base and experience. I have been humble enough to admit I do not know it all and do not have the answers to everything and that there is always room for improvement. I think this is key as a hypnotherapist and hypnotherapy teacher and lecturer.

I’ve written before about my recent experiences with peer review, with the really detailed feedback from my lecture given at the Royal Society of Medicine, and the way I encourage feedback from clients, students and peers – being humble enough to listen to it and not think we know enough already, not think we know better than everyone and anyone already. Not always easy, but you will achieve more and faster, with humility.

I did not intend to write up a recipe for longevity of career as a hypnotherapist, and to be honest, I feel that 21 years is just the early days for me. I am really excited about the next 21 years, seeing how things mature, develop and grow here.

That’s it today, a bit of a stream of consciousness today. I might light some candles this weekend and celebrate.

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Have some of themes here resonated with you? Then have a read of these pages:

1. Do you need help or support in a particular area of your life?
Coaching with Adam Eason Or Hypnotherapy with Adam Eason
2. Would you like a satisfying and meaningful career as a hypnotherapist helping others? Are you a hypnotherapist looking for stimulating and career enhancing continued professional development and advanced studies?
Adam Eason’s Anglo European training college.
3. Are you a hypnotherapist looking to fulfil your ambitions or advance your career?
Hypnotherapist Mentoring with Adam Eason.

Likewise, if you’d like to learn more about self-hypnosis, understand the evidence based principles of it from a scientific perspective and learn how to apply it to many areas of your life while having fun and in a safe environment and have the opportunity to test everything you learn, then come and join me for my one day seminar which does all that and more, have a read here: The Science of Self-Hypnosis Seminar.Alternatively, go grab a copy of my Science of self-hypnosis book.

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February 1, 2018 at 07:27AM

Why Are Kids with Autism Less Social Than Peers?

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In a new study, researchers set out to investigate why children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to be less socially communicative than their typically developing (TD) peers. Their findings, published in the journal Molecular Autism, provide a glimpse into the brain mechanisms behind autism.

In recent years, scientists have proposed several hypotheses to help explain why ASD kids tend to pull away from social interactions: One popular theory is known as the social motivation hypothesis. This theory suggests that ASD kids aren’t inherently motivated to interact with others because they aren’t neurologically “rewarded” by social interactions the same way TD kids are.

“Most of us get a hit of dopamine when we interact with other people, whether it’s through making eye contact or sharing something good that’s happened to us — it feels good to be social,” said Dr. Katherine Stavropoulos, an assistant professor of special education in the Graduate School of Education at the University of California, Riverside (UCR).

“The social motivation hypothesis says kids with autism don’t get that same reward from social interaction, so they don’t go out of their way to engage with people because it’s not rewarding for them.”

Another major theory is called sensory over-responsivity — also known as the overly intense world hypothesis. This theory posits that because kids with ASD interpret sensory cues more strongly than their TD peers, those with ASD tend to shy away from interactions they feel are overwhelming or negative.

“Kids with autism often find noises too loud or lights too bright, or they find them not intense enough,” Stavropoulos said. “Most of us wouldn’t want to talk to someone whom we perceive as screaming, especially in a room that was already too bright, with ambient noise that was already too loud.”

Rather, this theory suggests that such interactions would drive ASD children to withdraw from socialization as a self-soothing behavior.

But according to Stavropoulos, who also serves as assistant director of UCR’s SEARCH Family Autism Resource Center, it may be possible for these seemingly competing theories to exist in tandem.

For the study, Stavropoulos, who is also a licensed clinical psychologist with a background in neuroscience, and University of California, San Diego’s Leslie Carver, used electrophysiology to observe the neural activity of 43 children (20 ASD and 23 TD) aged seven to 10. They used a guessing game-style simulation that offered participants both social and nonsocial rewards.

Each child, wearing a cap with 33 electrodes, sat in front of a computer screen which showed pairs of boxes containing question marks. Much like the format of the “pick a hand” guessing game, the children then chose the box he or she believed was the correct one (in reality, the answers were randomized).

Stavropoulos said it was vital to design a simulation that would reveal the children’s neural reactions to both social and nonsocial rewards during two stages: reward anticipation, or the period before the child knew whether he or she had chosen the correct answer, and reward processing, or the period immediately after.

“We structured the game so that the kids would pick an answer, and then there would be a brief pause,” Stavropoulos said. “It was during that pause that the kids would begin to wonder, ‘Did I get it?’ and we could observe them getting excited; the more rewarding something is to a person, the more that anticipation builds.”

Each child played the game in two blocks. During the social block, children who chose the correct box saw a smiling face and kids who chose the wrong box saw a sad, frowning face. During the nonsocial block, meanwhile, the faces were scrambled and reformed in the shapes of arrows pointing up to denote correct answers and down to denote incorrect ones.

“After the kids saw whether they were right or wrong, we were then able to observe the post-stimulus reward-related activity,” Stavropoulos said of the process, which involved comparing participants’ neural oscillation patterns.

The findings reveal that the TD kids anticipated social awards — in this case, the pictures of faces — more strongly than kids with ASD.

In addition, not only did ASD children have less interest in social rewards compared to their TD peers, but within the ASD group, children with more severe ASD were anticipating the nonsocial rewards, or the arrows, the most.

During reward processing, or the period right after the children learned whether they had chosen the right or wrong box, the researchers observed more reward-related brain activity in TD children but more attention-related brain activity among ASD children. Stavropoulos suggests this may be related to feelings of sensory overload in kids with ASD.

Kids with more severe ASD also exhibited greater responsiveness to positive social feedback, which Stavropoulos said may indicate hyperactivity, or the state of being overwhelmed by “correct” social feedback that is often related to sensory over-responsivity.

Stavropoulos said the findings provide support for both the social motivation hypothesis and the overly intense world hypothesis.

“Kids with autism might not be as rewarded by social interactions as typically developing kids are, but that doesn’t mean their reward systems are entirely broken,” she said. “This research makes the case for developing clinical interventions that help children with autism better understand the reward value of other people — to slowly teach these kids that interacting with others can be rewarding.

“But, it is critical to do this while being sensitive to these kids’ sensory experiences,” she said. “We don’t want to overwhelm them, or make them feel sensory overload. It’s a delicate balance between making social interactions rewarding while being aware of how loudly we speak, how excited our voices sound, and how bright the lights are.”

Source: University of California- Riverside

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February 1, 2018 at 07:16AM

Online Support Can Improve Quality of Life for Cancer Patients

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New research finds that an online stress management program can significantly improve an individual’s quality of life and improve care after a cancer diagnosis.

Researchers from the University of Basel and University Hospital Basel in Swtizerlan said a cancer diagnosis always causes psychological distress. If the mental component of the diagnosis is not managed, quality of life may suffer and even more, the negative psychological state may have a negative impact on treatment and disease progression.

Ideally cancer treatment is coupled with psychological support. However, currently only a minority of cancer patients receive professional psychological support, particularly during the difficult time immediately after diagnosis.

In order to reach cancer patients early after diagnosis and offer a low-threshold tool to overcome distress, researchers developed the online stress management program STREAM.

During the eight week online program, patients were provided with information, individual exercises on downloadable audio-files, and specific strategies on managing life with cancer. Patients logged in using a secured personal account. Once a week, they participated in a written exchange with a psychologist via an integrated email platform.

The study, which appears in the Journal of Clinical Oncology, is the first to show that newly diagnosed cancer patients significantly benefit from a web-based intervention and report better quality of life and less distress.

In total, 129 patients from Switzerland, Germany, and Austria were allocated to either an intervention or a control group within 12 weeks of starting their cancer treatment. The control group only received access to the program after an eight-week waiting period, enabling a comparison between the two groups.

People who completed the STREAM program (mostly breast cancer patients) assessed their quality of life as significantly higher than the control group. Also, distress, measured on a scale from zero to 10, was significantly lower in the online group than in the control group after the intervention.

“The results show that web-based self-help with regular email contact with a psychologist has the potential to efficiently support newly diagnosed cancer patients and thereby decisively improves cancer care,” said Professor Viviane Hess, Professor of Medical Oncology and Senior Oncologist in Basel.

Online interventions present new opportunities to support people affected by cancer who previously could not be reached. “Digital natives are reaching the age at which the risk for age-related diseases such as cancer increases. Approaches that integrate the internet into patient care will therefore continue to increase in importance,” said Hess.

Source: University of Basil

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February 1, 2018 at 06:40AM

Podcast: The Sit With Us App: Curbing School Bullying

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After years of being bullied in school and having to eat alone – often not even in the cafeteria – Natalie Hampton decided to something to help others in similar situations. She created the Sit With Us anti-bullying app, which allows a user to locate a table in their school’s cafeteria where they will be welcome, so that no one needs to eat alone. In this episode, Natalie explains how the app came to exist, and how it’s being used by more than just schools. Additionally, she offers her views on why bullying is so prevalent in some schools.  Hosted by Gabe Howard and Vincent M. Wales.

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Subscribe to Our Show!

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Sit With Us Show Highlights:

“All it takes is one person to change the world. And, starting now, that’s you.” ~ Natalie Hampton

[1:33]   What is Sit With Us and what does it do?

[4:13]   The unexpected success of the app, and how it happened.

[5:49]   How being bullied led Natalie to create the app.

[7:06]   Natalie’s other anti-bullying activities.

[7:53]   Why is bullying so prevalent in some schools?

[12:38] Natalie’s TEDx Teen talk.

[15:45] How someone becomes a bully, and how to stop it.

 

About Our Guest

Natalie Hampton is a Los Angeles high school senior, anti-bullying activist, app developer, and the CEO of a non-profit called Sit With Us, Inc. Severely bullied in middle school, Natalie was forced to eat lunch alone nearly every day. After she switched schools, and quickly fell in with a great friend group, she would invite anyone who was eating alone to join her. Those people became her friends, friends with everyone in the group, and were invited to social gatherings. She saw that one simple act of kindness made a big difference in their lives. This inspired her to create the Sit With Us mobile app, which serves as a free lunch planning tool for middle and high school kids so that no one has to eat lunch alone. In addition to creating the Sit With Us app, Natalie volunteers extensively for her community.  She is a counselor for United in Harmony, a non-profit organization that runs a sleep away camp for underprivileged and homeless kids, and she tutors underprivileged kids at the Otis Booth campus of Children’s Institute International.

All It Takes Is One TEDx Teen

Website: www.sitwithus.io

Facebook: /sitwithus.io/

Twitter: @nobodyeatsalone

Instagram: @sit.with.us

About The Psych Central Show Podcast Hosts

Gabe Howard is an award-winning writer and speaker who lives with bipolar and anxiety disorders. In addition to hosting The Psych Central Show, Gabe is an associate editor for PsychCentral.com. He also runs an online Facebook community, The Positive Depression/Bipolar Happy Place, and invites you to join.  To work with Gabe, please visit his website, gabehoward.com.

 

 

Vincent M. Wales is a former suicide prevention counselor who lives with persistent depressive disorder. In addition to co-hosting The Psych Central Show, Vincent is the author of several award-winning novels and the creator of costumed hero Dynamistress. Visit his websites at www.vincentmwales.com and www.dynamistress.com.

 

 

 

 

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February 1, 2018 at 06:37AM

Rose McGowan needed hypnotherapy

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Rose McGowan claims she needed hypnotherapy after starring on 'Charmed'.

The 44-year-old actress played Paige Matthews on the American television show for eight years until 2006 but has claimed the stress of starring on it made her seek alternative help.

She said: "I believe art shows you exactly where you are when you buy it. I was on a show called 'Charmed', and I was so lost, I was so invisible. Nobody could see who I was. I couldn't see who I was. That girl, she's a bound and gagged ballerina in a cage, and that's exactly what my life felt like ...

"I found the repetitive days so opposite my natural rhythms that I became sick over and over. And it was at times a very stressful environment. I started to have panic attacks because of everything I was pushing down.

"I was sick about four or five times a season. We would shoot twenty-two or twenty-three episodes. On hour-long TV, you are essentially shooting half of a feature film in eight days. The pace was grueling. Two years in a row I had 102-degree fevers and got dumped in trash cans, in a stunt, always on the days that I was the most ill."

And Rose recalled how she angered 'Charmed' bosses when she ignored the rules and dyed her hair red ahead of a new series.

Speaking in her E! docuseries 'Citizen Rose', she added: "The studio got wind of it and flipped out, of course. They were furious and demanded to know how I expected them to explain this. I told them: 'It's a show about magic. You simply say I was mixing a potion and it exploded in my face! My hair turned red! I liked it, so I kept it.' That became the very first dialogue of the season, almost verbatim, between me and the character Leo. All it takes is a little creative thought, but the studios rarely have that working for them."

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February 1, 2018 at 06:10AM

New insights into teen risk-taking – their “hot” inhibitory control is poorer than children’s

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By Emma Young

Kids who are better at resisting unhelpful impulses and distractions go on later in life to perform better academically, professionally and socially. But how this kind of self-control develops with age has not been so clear. Teenagers’ show more self-control than children in many ways, but in other respects – think of their propensity for risk-taking – they actually seem to show less self-control than they did when they were younger.

In a new paper, published in Developmental Science, Ania Aïte at Paris Descartes University, France, led research investigating whether this might be because there are two types of impulse control – “cool” control, in which emotions are not involved, and “hot” control, in which they are – and that they might show different developmental trajectories. If so, this could have implications for educational interventions aimed at reducing teens’ sometimes dangerous behaviour.

The team studied 56 children (aged about 10), 48 adolescents (aged around 13), and 56 young adults (aged about 21). They all completed two different tests of their inhibitory control. In the emotionally neutral test, a classic version of the famous Stroop task, the participants had to indicate, as quickly but accurately as possible, the ink colour of a colour-denoting word (the word “red” written in blue, for example). It requires inhibitory control to ignore word meaning when there’s a mismatch between the word and its ink colour.

In a test of “hot” inhibitory control, the participants saw a series of faces displaying either happiness, anger, fear and sadness, each with either a congruent or incongruent emotional word written below. The participants had to indicate the emotion shown on each face, ignoring the word below.

On the emotionally neutral task, the adults did better than the adolescents, who did better than the younger children – there was linear improvement with age, just as you might expect. But the results for the emotion test were very different. Adults did better than the younger children, but the adolescents performed the worst.

It’s not that the adolescents were worse at identifying emotions – because when the facial expressions and emotion words matched, there was no difference between their performance and that of the adults. Rather, when there was a face-word mismatch, they found it harder to ignore the emotion word, and to focus only on the facial expressions.

The findings appear consistent with the popular idea that adolescence represents a time of heightened sensitivity to emotional stimuli, combined with immature connections between the pre-frontal cortex and emotional brain regions, making it more difficult for them to over-rule inappropriate impulses.

If adolescence is associated specifically with poor emotional control, but mature “cool” inhibitory control, this might explain why teens can typically cope fine with exams and other situations that demand “cool control”, yet find it harder than adults to ignore emotional influences, such as friends cheering them on to drink more alcohol, for example. This could explain their characteristically poor decision-making – such as driving while drunk and getting into fights.

“With poor decision-making being responsible for a rise in mortality during adolescence,” the researchers write, “the present findings could usefully contribute to the development of adolescent’ educational programs centered on hot inhibitory control.”

—Adolescents’ inhibitory control: keep it cool or lose control

Emma Young (@EmmaELYoung) is Staff Writer at BPS Research Digest

 

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February 1, 2018 at 04:05AM